EU economic news started turning more bullish at the end of 2016. Markit Economic’s PMI surveys frist reflected the more posirive tone, which continued improving through 2017. Industrial production growth – which stalled in 2016 – followed the PMIs higher in 2017. A strengthening employment picture led to increased retail sales growth. And The ECB’s ultra-low interest rate policy and asset purchase program kept rates low, leading to increase loan growth to businesses and consumer.